Synonym name: Yemuoside YM10
Catalogue No.: BP0372
Cas No.: 114902-16-8
Formula: C₅₈H₉₂O₂₅
Mol Weight: 1189.35
Botanical Source: Stauntonia chinensis

Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle
Can be supplied from milligrams to grams.

For Reference Standard and R&D, Not for Human Use Directly.
Inquire for bulk scale.

HPLC of Ciwujianoside B

Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃

Introduction/Overview

Ciwujianoside B is a natural triterpene saponin compound isolated from Acanthopanax senticosus, and has attracted attention in recent years for its significant radiation protection and cognitive enhancement effects. As an oral active ingredient, Eleutherococcus saponin B can cross the blood-brain barrier, exerting multiple pharmacological effects of neuroprotective and immunomodulatory, demonstrating potential application value in radiation injury treatment and neurodegenerative disease prevention and control. This paper will systematically review the chemical structure, origin, pharmacological activity, mechanism of action, and druggability evaluation of Eleutherococcus saponin B, aiming to provide theoretical basis and research directions for further drug development and clinical translation.

Chemical structure and physicochemical properties

The molecular formula of eleutherococcus saponin B is C_58H_94O_26, with a molecular weight of 1205.33, making it a high-molecular-weight triterpene saponin compound. Its structure consists of a pentacyclic triterpene nucleus connected by multiple glycosidic bonds with multiple glycosidic residues, resulting in abundant hydroxyl and glycosyl groups, resulting in high hydrophilicity. In terms of physicochemical properties, the LogP value of Eleutherococcus saponin B is about -3.0, indicating strong hydrophilicity and good water solubility; its polar surface area (TPSA) reaches 416.79 Ų, and it has 25 hydrogen bond receptors, indicating high molecular polarity that may affect membrane permeability and bioavailability. Despite its large molecular weight and strong polarity, experiments have demonstrated its ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, suggesting it may be distributed in the brain through specific transport mechanisms.

Plant Origins and Extraction Methods

Saponin B is mainly found in the roots, stems, and leaves of Eleutherococcus senticosus. Eleutherococcus senticosus belongs to the Araliaceae family, genus Eleutherococcus, widely distributed in Northeast China and the Russian Far East. In traditional Chinese medicine, it is used to enhance physical strength, combat fatigue, and regulate immunity. The extraction of eleutherococcus saponin B is usually done by alcohol extraction, using 70%-95% ethanol or methanol for reflux extraction of dried plant material. The extract is purified by concentration, liquid-liquid distribution, and multi-step chromatography separation (such as silica gel column chromatography and reversed-phase HPLC), ultimately yielding high-purity eleutherococcus saponin B. In recent years, the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction and high-efficiency membrane separation technologies has improved extraction efficiency and purity, providing technical support for large-scale preparation.

Pharmacological activity research

Radiation protection function

Research on eleutherococcus saponin B in radiation protection shows that it has significant cell-protective effects. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that Eleutherococcus senticosus saponin B can effectively reduce radiation-induced DNA damage and alleviate cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. By regulating the ratio of apoptosis-related protein Bax/Bcl-2, it reduces the expression of pro-apoptosis factors, protects bone marrow cells from radiation damage, promotes cell proliferation, and restores hematopoietic function. In addition, Eleutherococcus senticosus saponin B can downregulate the activity of nuclear factor NF-κB, inhibit radiation-induced inflammatory responses, and reduce tissue damage.

Cognitive function is enhanced

Research on Eleutherococcus senticosis Saponin B has also made positive progress in neuroprotection and cognitive function. Experimental data show that Eleutherococcus senticosus saponin B can enhance object recognition and memory ability in normal mice, demonstrating good memory enhancement effects. In in vitro neuron culture models, eleutherococcus saponin B promotes dendritic extension of primary cortical neurons, suggesting it may improve cognitive function by enhancing neuroplasticity. This role has potential implications for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.

Immunomodulatory effects

Eleutherococcus saponin B also exhibits multi-target immunomodulatory activity. Relevant studies have shown that it can regulate the expression of various immune-related factors, including TLR4, STAT3, IL-2, NF-κB, TGF-β1, CTLA4, STAT4, IL-10, FOXP3, and IFN-γ. By regulating these signaling pathways, Eleutherococcus senticosus saponin B plays an important role in regulating immune balance, inhibiting inflammatory responses, and promoting immune cell function, providing a theoretical foundation for its application in immune-related diseases.

Mechanism of action and molecular targets

The pharmacological effects of eleutherococcus saponin B involve multiple signaling pathways and molecular targets, mainly including:

1. NF-κB signaling pathway inhibition: Eleutherococcus saponin B can suppress NF-κB activation, reduce inflammatory factor expression, and lessen tissue damage caused by radiation and inflammation.

2. Regulation of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio: By reducing the expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax and increasing the level of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, Eleutherococcus saponin B inhibits apoptosis and protects bone marrow and nerve cells.

3. Regulation of immune regulatory factors: Eleutherococcus saponin B affects the expression of immune regulatory factors such as TLR4, STAT3, IL-2, and TGF-β1, modulating immune responses and promoting immune homeostasis.

4. Promoting Neuroplasticity: By promoting the extension of neuron dendrites and synapse formation, Eleutherococcus senticosus saponin B enhances the plasticity of neural networks and improves cognitive function.

5. Antioxidant and DNA protection: Eleutherococcus saponin B may reduce radiation-induced oxidative stress through antioxidant mechanisms, protecting DNA from damage.

The combined effect of these mechanisms enables eleutherococcus Saponin B to demonstrate multiple effects in radiation protection and cognitive function improvement.

Druggability evaluation and pharmacokinetics

Although Eleutherococcus senticosus saponin B has a large molecular weight and strong polarity, which is theoretically unfavorable for oral absorption and blood-brain barrier penetration, experiments have shown that it has good oral activity and brain distribution ability. Its LogP value was -3.0, indicating strong hydrophilicity, TPSA as high as 416.79 Ų, and a high number of hydrogen bond receptors, all suggesting it may mediate absorption and intracranial transport via specific transport proteins.

Currently, safety data on hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, hERG channel inhibition, and genotoxicity (Ames assay) of Eleutherococcus saponin B are not yet clear and require further systematic evaluation. Pharmacokinetic studies show that Eleutherococcus senticosus saponin B has a relatively long half-life in the body, can maintain stable plasma concentrations, and is suitable for oral administration.

Additionally, the high polarity and large molecular weight of eleutherococcus saponin B may limit its bioavailability. In the future, its pharmacokinetic performance can be enhanced through formulation optimization (such as nanocarriers and liposome encapsulation).

Prospects and outlooks for clinical applications

As a natural radiation protectant and cognitive function enhancer, Eleutherococcus saponin B has broad clinical application prospects. It demonstrates significant efficacy in protecting and repairing radiation damage to the hematopoietic system, making it suitable as adjunct therapy for radiotherapy patients and those exposed to nuclear radiation. At the same time, the cognitive function of Eleutherococcus senticosus saponin B provides new therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.

Future research should focus on the following aspects:

1. Safety evaluation: Systematic safety studies on hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and genotoxicity are conducted to ensure the safety of clinical applications.

2. Pharmacokinetic optimization: Enhancing oral bioavailability and brain distribution efficiency through drug formulation technology.

3. In-depth analysis of the mechanism of action: Using multi-omics techniques and molecular biology methods to further clarify its molecular targets and signaling pathway regulatory networks.

4. Clinical trial design: Conduct multicenter, randomized, double-blind clinical trials to verify efficacy and safety in radiation protection and cognitive impairment treatment.

5. Combination drug research: Exploring the synergistic effects of eleutherococcus saponin B and other drugs to enhance therapeutic effects.

In summary, Eleutherococcus senticosus saponin B, as a natural product with unique pharmacological activity, has the potential to become a novel drug for radiation protection and neuroprotection.

Conclusion

As an important active ingredient in Eleutherococcus senticosus, Eleutherococcus senticosus has become a hot topic in natural product pharmacology research due to its significant radiation protection and cognitive enhancement effects. Its multi-target and multi-mechanism pharmacological properties offer new strategies for radiation injury repair and neurological disease prevention and treatment. Although its druggability and safety data are still incomplete, with deeper research and technological advancements, Eleutherococcus senticosus saponin B is expected to become a novel natural drug with clinical value. Future research needs to focus on mechanistic analysis, pharmacokinetic optimization, and clinical validation to advance from the laboratory to clinical practice and benefit more patients.