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Synonym name: Borneyl acetate
Catalogue No.: BP0280
Cas No.: 76-49-3
Formula: C12H20O2
Mol Weight: 196.29
Botanical Source:
Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle
Can be supplied from milligrams to grams.
For Reference Standard and R&D, Not for Human Use Directly.
Inquire for bulk scale.
HPLC of Bornyl acetate
Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃
26.3000
3.4000
3.1000
High
No
No
No
No
No
No
Bornyl acetate (CAS number: 76-49-3) is a natural monoterpene ester compound with significant aromatic properties, widely found in the essential oils of various aromatic plants. As a potent aromatic, borneol acetate is widely used in the fragrance and cosmetics industry for its unique aroma, and has become a hot topic in natural product pharmacology research due to its diverse bioactivity. In recent years, the potential pharmacological effects of borneol acetate in anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and respiratory diseases have gradually been revealed, especially in respiratory diseases such as chronic bronchitis, which has attracted widespread attention in the academic community.
This paper will systematically review the chemical structure and physicochemical properties of borneol acetate, plant origin and extraction methods, pharmacological activity and mechanism of action, druggability evaluation and pharmacokinetic characteristics, and look ahead to its potential and development direction in clinical applications, aiming to provide theoretical basis and reference for in-depth research and drug development of this natural product.
The chemical structure of bornol acetate is an ester formed by bornol and acetic acid, with a molecular formula of C_12H_20O_2 and a molecular weight of 196.29. Its structure includes a cyclic terpene backbone with strong hydrophobicity, a LogP value of 3.4, indicating good lipid solubility and easy penetration of cell membranes. The polar surface area (TPSA) of borneol acetate is 26.3 Ų, with 2 hydrogen bond acceptors, indicating low molecular polarity and facilitating passage through biofilm barriers.
From a physicochemical property perspective, borneol acetate is a colorless to pale yellow transparent liquid with a typical aromatic odor. As a potent aromatic, it is one of the most potent compounds among flavor dilution factors. Its good lipophilusibility and low polarity give it excellent distribution properties in organisms, especially its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which offers potential for central nervous system function.
In addition, toxicological evaluation of borneol acetate showed an LD50 as high as 4700 mg/kg, making it a low-toxicity substance with no significant hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, or hERG channel inhibition. The Ames-induced mutagenic test was negative, demonstrating good safety and drug potential.
Dithoranol acetate is widely found in the essential oils of various aromatic plants, especially found in pines such as pine (Pinus spp.), camphor species (Cinnamomum camphora), and certain mint plants (Mentha spp.), with higher concentrations. Its content and composition in plants vary depending on species, geographical environment, harvest time, and extraction process.
Common extraction methods include steam distillation, solvent extraction, and supercritical CO_2 extraction. Steam distillation is widely used due to its ease of operation and low cost, but it may cause thermal degradation of some components under high temperatures. Supercritical CO_2 extraction technology, due to its low temperature and solvent-free residue, can effectively retain the active components of borneol acetate and has high extraction efficiency, gradually becoming the mainstream method for modern natural product extraction.
After extraction, borneol acetate is usually analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to ensure its purity and content meet pharmaceutical and industrial application standards.
The antitumor activity of borneol acetate has been one of the key research focuses in recent years. In vitro cell experiments have shown that borneol acetate can inhibit the proliferation of various tumor cell lines and induce apoptosis. Its antitumor mechanism involves regulating cell cycle-related proteins, activating mitochondrial pathways, and inhibiting tumor-related signaling pathways such as NF-κB and MAPK, thereby exerting cytotoxic effects. In addition, borneol acetate exhibits anti-angiogenic activity, blocking the formation of new angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment and inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis.
The pharmacological effects of borneol acetate in chronic bronchitis and other respiratory diseases have been gradually confirmed. The pathological features of chronic bronchitis include chronic airway inflammation, excessive mucus secretion, and airway remodeling. Borneol acetate regulates the release of inflammatory mediators, inhibits the infiltration of inflammatory cells, and reduces airway inflammation.
Specific studies have shown that borneol acetate can downregulate the expression of elastase ELANE and matrix metalloproteinase MMP9, reducing airway tissue damage; It simultaneously regulates the activity of antielastase AAT (α1-antitrypsin) and its encoding gene SERPINA1, restoring airway elasticity balance. Additionally, borneol acetate affects the transforming growth factor β1 (TGFB1) signaling pathway, inhibiting airway fibrosis and remodeling, and slowing the progression of chronic bronchitis.
In addition to the above effects, borneol acetate also exhibits various pharmacological activities, including antibacterial, analgesic, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects. For example, it inhibits various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and may exert antibacterial effects by disrupting cell membrane structures. Its excellent blood-brain barrier penetration ability provides a theoretical basis for its application in neurological diseases.
The multi-target mechanism of borneol acetate forms the basis of its broad pharmacological activity. For chronic bronchitis, borneol acetate mainly works by regulating the following key molecules and signaling pathways:
ELANE (Elastase): ELANE is a protease released by neutrophils; excessive activation leads to airway elastin degradation, leading to airway injury. Bornaphtha acetate can inhibit the expression and activity of ELANE, protecting the structural integrity of the airway.
MMP9 (matrix metalloproteinase 9): MMP9 participates in extracellular matrix degradation, promoting migration of inflammatory cells and airway remodeling. Dimentol acetate reduces airway inflammation and fibrosis by inhibiting MMP9 expression.
AAT (α1-antitrypsin) and SERPINA1 genes: AAT is a natural inhibitor of ELANE. Dinatrol acetate regulates AAT expression, restores the protease-antiprotease balance, and prevents airway tissue damage.
TGFB1 (Transforming Growth Factor β1): TGFB1 is a key regulator of airway fibrosis. Dimentol acetate slows the process of airway fibrosis by inhibiting the TGFB1 signaling pathway.
Additionally, borneol acetate may also regulate inflammatory signaling pathways such as NF-κB and MAPK, inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory factors and exerting anti-inflammatory effects. Its anti-tumor mechanisms involve multiple pathways including cell cycle regulation, apoptosis induction, and anti-angiogenesis.
Dipsyl acetate has good druggability parameters. Its molecular weight (196.29) and LogP (3.4) comply with the Lipinski rule, indicating good oral bioavailability potential. Low TPSA (26.3) and hydrogen bond receptor count (2) facilitate its penetration of cell membranes and the blood-brain barrier, supporting its application in central nervous system diseases.
Toxicological assessment showed that the LD50 of borneol acetate reached as high as 4700 mg/kg, classified as a low-toxicity substance, with no significant hepatic or cardiac toxicity, no hERG channel inhibition, and a negative Ames test, indicating high safety and suitability for further drug development.
Pharmacokinetics, borneol acetate has strong lipophilulucity and blood-brain barrier penetration, suggesting it is widely distributed in the body, especially likely to accumulate in brain tissue. Its metabolic pathway has not been systematically elucidated; it is presumed to be mainly by hepatic esterase hydrolysis into borneol and acetic acid, the latter further metabolized and excreted. In the future, in vivo pharmacokinetic studies are needed to clarify its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) characteristics.
With its diverse pharmacological activities and good safety profile, borneol acetate shows broad clinical application prospects. Especially in adjunctive treatment of respiratory diseases such as chronic bronchitis, borneol acetate may become an effective natural drug candidate by modulating the protease-antiprotease system and inhibiting inflammation and fibrosis. Moreover, its anti-tumor potential makes it possible to develop novel adjuvant therapies for tumors.
Future research should focus on:
Systematic pharmacology and mechanism research: In-depth analysis of the molecular targets and signaling pathways of borneol acetate, clarifying its multi-target synergistic mechanism.
Pharmacokinetic and toxicological assessment: Conduct comprehensive in vivo pharmacokinetic studies to assess the safety of long-term use and the activity of metabolites.
Dosage Form Development and Clinical Translation: Optimizing the administration method of borneol acetate, improving bioavailability, conducting preclinical animal models and early clinical trials to verify efficacy and safety.
Combination Therapy Strategy: Explore the combined use of borneol acetate with existing drugs to achieve synergistic effects, reducing drug tolerance and side effects.
In summary, as a candidate natural product drug, borneol acetate possesses excellent pharmacological activity and drug potential, and is expected to play an important role in the treatment of respiratory diseases and tumors.
As a natural monoterpene ester compound, borneol acetate has become a hot topic in natural product pharmacology research due to its unique chemical structure and multiple biological activities. Its potential applications in anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and respiratory diseases, especially by regulating key targets such as ELANE, MMP9, AAT, SERPINA1, and TGFB1, show promising therapeutic prospects. Combined with its excellent druggability parameters and safety, borneol acetate has high drug development value.
In the future, as molecular mechanism research deepens and preclinical evaluations improve, borneol acetate is expected to become a new generation of natural medicine, providing new strategies and options for the treatment of chronic bronchitis and related diseases. The multi-target characteristics and low toxicity advantages of natural products give borneol acetate an irreplaceable and important position in modern drug development, warranting ongoing attention and in-depth exploration.
Shenshuai
Wenjing
Hedandan
