Product name: Alpinetin
Synonym name: 7-Hydroxy-5-methoxyflavanone
Catalogue No.: BP0160
Cas No.: 36052-37-6
Formula: C₁₆H₁₄O₄
Mol Weight: 270.284
Botanical Source: Alpinia speciosa, Alpinia katsumadai, Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Helichrysum herbaceum, Dalea scandens, Alnus, Kaempferia, Eucalyptus and Piper spp.
Physical Description: Powder
Type of Compound: Flavonoids

Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle

Storage: Store in a well closed container, protected from air and light. Put into refrigerate or freeze for long term storage.
Whenever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20℃. Generally, these will be useable for up to two weeks.

The product could be supplied from milligrams to grams, up to kilograms
Inquire for bulk scale.

Descriptions:
Alpinetin is a type of novel plant flavonoid derived from Alpinia katsumadai Hayata, possesses strong anti-hepatoma effects, can suppress HepG2 cell proliferation and arrested cells in the G0/G1 phase by up-regulating the expression levels of p-MKK7, and the antitumor effect of Alpinetin could be reversed by inhibiting the expression of MKK7; suggests that MKK7 may be a putative target for molecular therapy against hepatoma and Alpinetin could serve as a potential agent for the development of hepatoma therapy.[1]
Alpinetin has antiproliferative effect in BxPC-3 pancreatic cancer cells possibly through the regulation of the Bcl-2 family and XIAP expression, release of cytochrome C and the activation of caspases, it may serve as a potential agent for the development of pancreatic cancer cell therapies.[2]
Alpinetin and cardamonin have vascular effects to relax rat mesenteric arteries through multiple mechanisms; they induce both endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxation, the former is likely mediated by nitric oxide whereas the latter is probably mediated through nonselective inhibition of Ca2+ influx and intracellular Ca2+ release and inhibition of the protein kinase C-dependent contractile mechanism.[3]
Alpinetin has anti-inflammatory properties, can activate PPAR-γ, thereby attenuate TLR4 expression and TLR4 mediated NF-κB and MAPK activation and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, suggests that it may be a therapeutic agent against inflammatory diseases. [4]
Alpinetin has antioxidant effects, can protect LPS-induced kidney injury through activating Nrf2 and inhibiting TLR4 expression.[5]
Alpinetin suppresses T-cell-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in mice, could shock the activation of NF-κB NFAT2 signal transduction pathways, indicates that it has potential effects in downregulating the immune system and might be developed as a useful immunosuppressive agent in treating undesired immune responses.[6]

References:
[1] Tang B O, Jian D U, Wang J, et al. Oncol Rep, 2012, 27(4):1090-6.
[2] Du J, Tang B, Wang J, et al. Int J Mol Med, 2012, 29(4):607-12.
[3] Wang Z T, Lau C W, Chan F L, et al. J Cardiovasc Pharm, 2001, 37(5):596-606.
[4] Hu K, Yang Y, Tu QY, et al. Eur Journal of Pharmacol, 2013, 721(1-3):96–102.
[5] Huang Y, Zhou L S, Yan L, et al. Int Immunopharmacol, 2015, 28(2):1003-8.
[6] Guan S, Fang B, Song B, et al. Immunopharm Immunot, 2014, 36(4):1-7.
[7] Liu J, Feng Z, W U YH . Pharmacy Today, 2009, 19(4):46-8.

HPLC of Alpinetin

Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃

Introduction/Overview

Alpinetin (CAS No.: 36052-37-6) is a natural flavonoid compound mainly isolated from ginger plants such as cardamom (Alpinia katsumadai). As a member of the flavonoid family, kasangalin has attracted widespread attention due to its diverse biological activities, especially demonstrating significant pharmacological potential in antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and multi-organ protection. In recent years, with in-depth research into the pharmacological mechanisms of natural products, the prospects for the application of sanjilvin in various pathological conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, liver injury, and neurodegenerative diseases have become increasingly clear. This paper will systematically review the chemical structure and physicochemical properties of sanganglitin, plant origins and extraction methods, focusing on analyzing its pharmacological activity and molecular mechanisms, exploring its druggability and pharmacokinetic characteristics, and finally looking ahead to its clinical application potential and future research directions.

Chemical structure and physicochemical properties

The chemical formula of hygalin is C16H14O4, with a molecular weight of 270.28, and it belongs to the ether structure of the flavonoid compounds. Its basic framework is a flavonoid nucleus with methoxy substituents, giving it good lipid solubility and stability. In terms of physicochemical properties, the LogP value of hyglitine is about 2.4, showing moderate lipid solubility, which is beneficial for cell membrane penetration and bioavailability. Its topological polar surface area (TPSA) is 55.76, and it has 4 hydrogen bond acceptors, indicating that it possesses certain hydrophilicity in intermolecular forces and balances lipophilic and hydrophilic properties. High blood-brain barrier permeability suggests its potential application value in central nervous system diseases. Toxicological evaluation showed that sansylline had no significant hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, or hERG channel suppression, and the Ames mutagenic test was negative, indicating a relatively high safety profile.

Plant Origins and Extraction Methods

Physangalin mainly comes from the ginger family plant Alpinia katsumadai, but it has also been reported in other Alpinia species. As a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, cardamom is widely used in the treatment of digestive system diseases, and its active ingredient is relatively rich in sangyline. The extraction method typically uses organic solvent extraction combined with column chromatography separation technology. The specific process includes: crushing dried cardamom, reflux extraction using ethanol or methanol as solvent, concentration, silica gel column chromatography for separation, combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) purification, and finally obtaining high-purity kathosin. In recent years, emerging technologies such as ultrasound-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction have also been applied to improve extraction efficiency and purity. In addition, regarding the structural characteristics of hygaltine, researchers have also attempted efficient separation using methods such as countercurrent chromatography.

Pharmacological activity research

Antibacterial and antiviral activity

Sansanghalin exhibits broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and can inhibit the growth of various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Its antibacterial mechanism mainly disrupts the integrity of bacterial cell membranes and disrupts cellular metabolic processes. Its inhibitory effect on viral infections has also been reported, especially in respiratory virus models, where sangalin works by modulating host immune responses and directly inhibiting viral replication.

Anti-inflammatory effects

Gaginal exhibits significant anti-inflammatory activity across various inflammatory models. Its mechanism involves inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and nitric oxide (NO). Gathostinin can inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses, activate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathways, while downregulating Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression, thereby reducing the release of inflammatory mediators and tissue damage.

Antitumor activity

The antitumor effects of kaginginin have been validated in various cancer cell lines. It mainly works by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, promoting apoptosis, and inhibiting metastasis. Molecular mechanisms include regulating the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins, lowering the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, increasing levels of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax, releasing mitochondrial cytochrome c, activating the caspase cascade of cysteine and aspartate protease, ultimately inducing programmed cell death. Additionally, sangalin can regulate the expression of XIAP (X-linked inhibition of apoptotic protein), lifting the inhibition of caspase and enhancing apoptosis signaling.

Multi-organ protective effects

The protective effects of kathoghalin in the liver, cardiovascular system, lungs, and nervous system are receiving increasing attention. Through multiple mechanisms such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and regulating apoptosis, it alleviates organ damage. For example, in liver protection, kathoghalin can inhibit oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in liver cells, reducing the progression of liver fibrosis. Cardiovascular protective effects manifest as reducing myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, modulating related targets such as APP, PTPN1, MAOA, ABCB1, and improving myocardial cell function. The protective effect of the lungs mainly works by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative damage, thereby alleviating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and acute lung injury. In terms of neuroprotection, kathosinline slows neurodegenerative changes by regulating neuroinflammation and oxidative stress.

Mechanism of action and molecular targets

The multi-target mechanism of hyglitin enables it to exhibit broad pharmacological activity across various disease models. Its main targets and signaling pathways include:

• Bcl-2 family proteins: Key proteins regulating apoptosis. Sansanglitin promotes mitochondrial pathway apoptosis by lowering Bcl-2 and increasing Bax expression.
• XIAP: Apoptosis inhibitor protein, downregulates XIAP by sangjinnin, relieves inhibition of caspase, and promotes apoptosis.
• PPAR-γ: A nuclear receptor transcription factor that regulates inflammation and metabolism; sansanglitin activates PPAR-γ and suppresses inflammatory responses.
• Nrf2: A key transcription factor for antioxidant stress; hygdaltin activates Nrf2 signaling and enhances cellular antioxidant capacity.
• TLR4: A pattern recognition receptor for immune responses, with kasanghalin suppressing TLR4 expression and reducing LPS-induced inflammatory responses.
• Myocardial infarction-related targets: including APP, PTPN1, MAOA, ABCB1, ABCG2, SYNJ2, ALOX5, TRPV1, CNR1, and SHBG. These targets involve cardiomyocyte metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, and ion channel regulation. By modulating these targets, sanganglitin exerts its protective effects on the myocardium.

In addition, sangalin affects various signaling pathways, such as MAPK, NF-κB, and PI3K/Akt, synergistically regulating cell survival, inflammation, and metabolic processes.

Druggability evaluation and pharmacokinetics

Druggivability evaluation of sansylvanine shows it has promising potential for drug development. Its molecular weight is moderate (270.28), conforming to the Lipinski rule. A LogP value of 2.4 indicates suitable lipophilic properties, which are beneficial for oral absorption and cell membrane penetration. TPSA is 55.76, and the number of hydrogen bond acceptors is 4, both favorable for bioavailability. The high permeability of the blood-brain barrier suggests its potential application in central nervous system diseases. In terms of safety, sansylgine showed no significant hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, or hERG channel inhibition; the Ames test was negative, indicating a low risk of mutagenicity.

Pharmacokinetic studies show that sangalin is well absorbed orally, has a moderate plasma half-life, and is widely distributed, especially at high concentrations in the heart, liver, and brain tissue. Its metabolism mainly passes through the liver phase I and phase II enzyme systems, with relatively stable metabolites. The main excretion routes are bile and urine. Currently, systematic preclinical pharmacokinetic data are lacking, and further improvement of related research is needed in the future.

Prospects and outlooks for clinical applications

Thanks to its multi-target and multi-mechanism pharmacological properties, sansangylin shows broad clinical application prospects in anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular protection, and neuroprotection fields. Its regulation of targets related to myocardial infarction provides new ideas for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties give it potential value in chronic inflammatory diseases and metabolic syndromes. Neuroprotective effects offer potential for treating neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.

Future research should focus on:

1. Systematic preclinical pharmacokinetics and toxicological evaluations lay the foundation for clinical trials.
2. In-depth analysis of its molecular mechanisms and target networks, using multi-omics techniques to reveal its full range of functions.
3. Structural optimization and dosage form development to improve bioavailability and targeting.
4. Clinical trial design, validating safety and efficacy, and driving clinical translation.
5. Combination drug studies explore synergistic effects with existing drugs to enhance therapeutic effects.

Conclusion

As a natural flavonoid compound with multiple biological activities, kasangyl demonstrates unique pharmacological advantages in antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and multi-organ protection. Its excellent druggability and safety provide a solid foundation for new drug development. In the future, through in-depth mechanistic research and clinical translation, sangalin is expected to become an important candidate for treating various complex diseases. With the continuous development of natural product pharmacology, research on sanglitin will promote the rational utilization of natural medicinal resources and innovative drug development, contributing new strength to human health.