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Product Name: Alltride
Synonym name: Diallyl trisulfide; Allitridin; Bis(2-propenyl) trisulfide
Catalogue No.: BP0141
Cas No.: 2050-87-5
Formula: C6H10S3
Mol Weight: 178.34
Botanical Source: garlic (Allium sativum) and Allium fistulosum
Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle
Can be supplied from milligrams to grams.
For Reference Standard and R&D, Not for Human Use Directly.
Inquire for bulk scale.
Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃
38.1600
2.2000
2.0000
High
No
No
No
No
No
Negative
Alltride (CAS No.: 2050-87-5) is a typical sulfur-containing natural organic compound, belonging to the trisulfane class. Its structural feature is that two hydrogens are replaced by allyl groups. As one of the main components of garlic (Allium sativum L.) essential oil, allicin is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine and has attracted attention for its remarkable biological activity. In recent years, with the deepening development of natural product pharmacology, allicin has become an important subject for drug development and disease treatment research due to its diverse pharmacological effects, such as antifungal, antitumor, and antioxidant activities.
This review aims to systematically summarize the chemical structure and physicochemical properties of allicin, its plant origin and extraction methods, explore its pharmacological activity and mechanism of action in depth, evaluate its druggability parameters and pharmacokinetic characteristics, and look ahead to its clinical application potential. Through integrated analysis of existing literature, it is hoped to provide comprehensive theoretical support and practical guidance for researchers in the field of natural product pharmacology.
Allicin has a trisulfide backbone in which two hydrogen atoms are replaced by allyl groups, with a molecular formula of C6H10S3 and a molecular weight of 162.34. Its structure contains a chain formed by three sulfur atoms connected together, giving it unique chemical reactivity. Allicin has a LogP value of 2.2, indicating moderate lipid solubility, which facilitates cell membrane penetration and distribution in the body. The polar surface area (TPSA) is 38.16 Ų, and the number of hydrogen bond acceptors is 3, indicating that it has a certain affinity for intermolecular forces.
The physicochemical properties of allicin give it good bioavailability and pharmacokinetic characteristics. The allyl groups and polysulfide bonds in its molecular structure provide the chemical basis for its biological activity, especially showing significant activity in redox reactions. Additionally, allicin can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the body, suggesting its potential application value in central nervous system diseases.
Allicin is mainly found in garlic essential oil and is a key component of garlic's volatile components. As a widely cultivated vegetable and medicinal plant, garlic contains a wide variety of sulfur compounds, among which the content and composition of allicin are greatly influenced by variety, cultivation conditions, harvest time, and processing techniques.
Traditional extraction methods mainly include steam distillation and organic solvent extraction. Steam distillation can effectively extract garlic essential oil, producing volatile oils containing high-purity allicin. In recent years, supercritical CO2 extraction technology has become the preferred method for extracting allicin due to its green and environmentally friendly nature, strong selectivity, and gentle operation. In addition, modern technologies such as microwave-assisted extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction are also applied to improve extraction efficiency and purity.
After extraction, allicin is often analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technology to ensure its purity and the stability of its active components. Purification processes include column chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to meet pharmaceutical and research needs.
Allicin's pharmacological activities cover multiple aspects, including antifungal, anti-tumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypoxia response-regulating effects, highlighting its unique advantages as a multi-target natural product.
Allicin exhibits significant inhibitory effects on various fungal pathogens, including Candida albicans and Aspergillus spp., among others. Its antifungal mechanism mainly involves disrupting the integrity of fungal cell membranes, disrupting intracellular redox balance, and leading to cell death. Multiple in vitro experiments have shown that allicin can inhibit the germination of fungal spores and mycelial growth, and is equally effective against drug-resistant strains, suggesting its potential in antifungal drug development.
Allicin exhibits the ability to inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis across various tumor cell lines. Its antitumor effects involve multiple signaling pathways, including regulating the cell cycle, activating mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathways, and inhibiting tumor cell migration and invasion. Research shows that allicin can downregulate the expression of tumor-related genes such as PTGS2 (COX-2) and NOS2 (iNOS), reducing inflammatory responses in the tumor microenvironment and enhancing immune surveillance functions.
As a sulfur-containing compound, allicin has excellent free radical scavenging ability and can effectively resist oxidative stress. Its antioxidant effects are achieved by directly scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen (RNS), as well as regulating intracellular antioxidant enzyme systems such as glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. Its antioxidant activity not only protects cells from oxidative damage but also delays cellular aging and tissue degeneration.
Under hypoxic conditions, allicin participates in cellular adaptation responses to hypoxic environments by regulating key targets such as CA12 (carbonic anhydrase 12), NOS1 (neuro-type nitric oxide synthase), NOS2 (induced nitric oxide synthase), and PTGS2. Its mechanism of action involves regulating intracellular pH, nitric oxide signaling pathways, and inflammatory responses, promoting tissue repair and functional recovery, and providing new approaches for the treatment of hypoxia-related diseases.
The multi-target mechanism of allicin is an important basis for its pharmacological activity. By interacting with various enzymes and receptors, allicin regulates cellular signaling networks, exerting its biological effects.
Carbonic anhydrase 12 (CA12) and carbonic anhydrase 1 (CA1) play key roles in cellular acid-base balance and carbon dioxide metabolism. Allicin regulates intracellular pH by inhibiting the activities of CA12 and CA1, helping to alleviate hypoxia and acidosis, and improving the cellular metabolic environment.
NOS1 and NOS2 are neurotype and induced nitric oxide synthases, respectively, and are involved in regulating intracellular nitric oxide (NO) levels. Allicin's inhibitory effect on NOS2 reduces excessive production of the inflammatory mediator NO and alleviates hypoxia-related inflammatory damage. At the same time, regulation of NOS1 helps with neuroprotection and vasodilation.
PTGS2 (COX-2) is a key enzyme in the inflammatory response. Allicin inhibits prostaglandin synthesis by downregulating PTGS2 expression, reducing inflammatory responses, and suppressing tumor cell proliferation and metastasis.
Allicin also influences cell apoptosis, proliferation, and immune responses by regulating signaling pathways such as nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Additionally, its sulfur-containing structure allows it to form covalent bonds with sulfhydryl groups in proteins, regulating protein function and further enriching its action spectrum.
The druggability parameters of allicin indicate that it has promising potential for drug development. The molecular weight was moderate (162.34), with a LogP of 2.2, indicating a good balance of lipid and water solubility, which is beneficial for oral absorption and internal distribution. TPSA is 38.16 Ų, and its low polarity surface area helps penetrate cell membranes and the blood-brain barrier, supporting its application in central nervous system diseases.
Toxicological evaluations showed that allicin was non-hepatotoxic and non-cardiotoxic, and did not inhibit hERG channels, reducing the risk of drug-induced arrhythmias. The Ames test result was negative, indicating no significant mutagenicity and relatively high safety.
Pharmacokinetic studies show that allicin is rapidly absorbed orally and has good bioavailability, effectively distributing to various tissues, especially brain tissue. Its metabolism mainly occurs through the liver enzyme system, with relatively stable metabolites, and excretion mainly through urine and bile. Allicin has a moderate half-life, supporting the design of its clinical dosing regimen.
Based on allicin's multiple pharmacological activities and good druggability, it shows broad prospects for clinical application.
The antifungal activity of allicin provides a novel candidate drug for treating fungal infections, especially in the context of the increasing number of resistant strains, where its unique mechanism of action is of great significance. In the future, structural modification and dosage form optimization can enhance clinical efficacy and safety.
Allicin exhibits antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects across various tumor models, offering potential for adjuvant therapy in tumors. Combining modern targeted therapy and immunotherapy strategies, allicin is expected to become an important component of comprehensive tumor treatment plans.
Allicin's regulatory effect on hypoxia-related targets gives it application value in microenvironment regulation of ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and tumor hypoxia. In the future, in-depth mechanism research and clinical trial validation can promote its clinical translation.
As a natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, allicin has potential applications in chronic inflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and metabolic syndromes. Its excellent blood-brain barrier penetration offers possibilities for treating neurological diseases.
Future research should focus on optimizing the pharmacokinetics, innovating formulations, and evaluating clinical safety of allicin. At the same time, by integrating modern molecular biology and medicinal chemistry techniques, we will deeply analyze its multi-target mechanisms of action, promote the design and development of allicin derivatives, and expand their clinical indications.
Allicin, as a natural product with rich biological activity, demonstrates broad pharmacological potential in antifungal, antitumor, antioxidant, and hypoxia response regulation due to its unique chemical structure and multi-target mechanism. Its excellent druggability parameters and safety evaluation have laid a solid foundation for its clinical application. With ongoing elucidation of pharmacological mechanisms and advances in technology, allicin is expected to become an important representative in the development of natural product drugs, offering new strategies and options for treating various diseases. Future research needs to further strengthen its clinical translation and application promotion to promote the widespread use of allicin in modern medicine.
Shenshuai
Wenjing
Hedandan
